[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"tool-content:en:caesar-cipher":3,"glossary:en":56,"published-tools-en":105},{"id":4,"documentId":5,"slug":6,"intro":7,"howTo":8,"longContent":9,"createdAt":10,"updatedAt":11,"publishedAt":12,"locale":13,"name":14,"faq":15,"examples":40,"category":41,"seo":50,"localizations":55,"metaTitle":52,"metaDescription":53},372,"xnqy9nbaa87uglo0b4s2wttp","caesar-cipher","\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>Caesar cipher\u003C\u002Fstrong> moves every letter of a message the same number of places along the alphabet, so a \u003Cstrong>shift of 3\u003C\u002Fstrong> turns \u003Cstrong>Hello, World!\u003C\u002Fstrong> into \u003Cstrong>Khoor, Zruog!\u003C\u002Fstrong>. This encoder and decoder runs any shift from \u003Cstrong>0 to 25\u003C\u002Fstrong>, leaves digits, spaces, punctuation and accents exactly as they were, then lists \u003Cstrong>all 25 shifts\u003C\u002Fstrong> at once when the key is unknown.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Col>\u003Cli>Type or paste the message in the text box. Up to 5,000 characters go through in one pass. Anything that is not an A-Z letter stays exactly where it sits.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Choose the direction. Encode moves letters forward through the alphabet while decode moves them back, so a message written at shift 3 comes back by decoding at shift 3.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Drag the shift from 0 to 25 and watch the result update as it moves. Shift 0 returns the text untouched, while shift 13 gets flagged as ROT13.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Open the 25-shift table when you do not know the key. The highlighted row holds the most common English words, so check the rows around it before settling on one.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Fol>","\u003Ch2 id=\"what-is\">What is a Caesar cipher and how does it work?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>Caesar cipher\u003C\u002Fstrong> replaces every letter of a message with the letter sitting a fixed number of places further along the alphabet, that fixed number being the key. Take a \u003Cstrong>shift of 3\u003C\u002Fstrong> as an example: A becomes D, B becomes E, then the end of the alphabet wraps back round to the front so that \u003Cstrong>Z becomes C\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Only the 26 letters move. Digits, spaces, punctuation and accented characters travel through untouched, which is how \u003Cstrong>Hello, World!\u003C\u002Fstrong> encodes to \u003Cstrong>Khoor, Zruog!\u003C\u002Fstrong> with the comma and the exclamation mark still sitting where they were. Capitals stay capital, so the outline of a sentence holds even once the words stop making sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"encode\">How do you encode a message with the Caesar cipher?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Encoding takes two things, the message and a number between 1 and 25. Take the word \u003Cstrong>HELLO\u003C\u002Fstrong> at \u003Cstrong>shift 3\u003C\u002Fstrong> as an example: H moves to K, E moves to H, the two L letters both move to O, then the final O moves to R, which spells \u003Cstrong>KHOOR\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Shift 0\u003C\u002Fstrong> hands back the text exactly as it was typed, a case the tool flags with a shift 0 badge instead of passing it off as a result. \u003Cstrong>Shift 25\u003C\u002Fstrong> walks every letter one step backwards, so HELLO comes out as \u003Cstrong>GDKKN\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ctable>\u003Cthead>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth scope=\"col\">Shift\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Cth scope=\"col\">A becomes\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Cth scope=\"col\">HELLO becomes\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Cth scope=\"col\">Known as\u003C\u002Fth>\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003C\u002Fthead>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth scope=\"row\">0\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Ctd>A\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>HELLO\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>text unchanged\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth scope=\"row\">1\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Ctd>B\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>IFMMP\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>the key Augustus used\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth scope=\"row\">3\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Ctd>D\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>KHOOR\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>the key Caesar used\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth scope=\"row\">13\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Ctd>N\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>URYYB\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>ROT13\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth scope=\"row\">25\u003C\u002Fth>\u003Ctd>Z\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>GDKKN\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003Ctd>one letter backwards\u003C\u002Ftd>\u003C\u002Ftr>\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\u003Ch2 id=\"decode\">How do you decrypt a Caesar cipher without the key?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Try every key. Only \u003Cstrong>25 shifts\u003C\u002Fstrong> are worth testing, since shift 0 changes nothing. Reading 25 candidate lines takes about as long as reading one paragraph, which is the whole job of a \u003Cstrong>Caesar cipher decoder\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The table under the tool builds those 25 lines for whatever text gets pasted in.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Take \u003Cstrong>Wklv lv d vhfuhw phvvdjh\u003C\u002Fstrong> as an example: line 3 of that table reads \u003Cstrong>This is a secret message\u003C\u002Fstrong> while the other 24 lines stay unreadable, so the key was 3 without anyone having to guess. The tool highlights one row by counting common English words in each candidate, which points at where to look first. Text holding no recognisable English word leaves every row at zero, so nothing gets highlighted.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>On a two-letter message that count has nothing to work with. \u003Cstrong>Xf\u003C\u002Fstrong> decodes to \u003Cstrong>We\u003C\u002Fstrong> at shift 1 and to \u003Cstrong>Go\u003C\u002Fstrong> at shift 17, both ordinary English words that the counter scores the same. Glancing down the neighbouring rows costs nothing and settles the ambiguity, which is why the tool calls that line a hint rather than a verdict.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"rot13\">Why does ROT13 undo itself?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>ROT13\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the Caesar cipher at \u003Cstrong>shift 13\u003C\u002Fstrong>, exactly half of the 26-letter alphabet. Shifting a letter 13 places and then 13 places again lands 26 places along, a full lap that arrives back at the starting letter, so encoding and decoding become \u003Cstrong>the same operation\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Hello, World!\u003C\u002Fstrong> comes out as \u003Cstrong>Uryyb, Jbeyq!\u003C\u002Fstrong> under ROT13. Pushing \u003Cstrong>Uryyb, Jbeyq!\u003C\u002Fstrong> back through ROT13 returns the original text. Forums lean on that property to hide spoilers and punchlines, since the same button covers the text and uncovers it again.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"history\">When was the Caesar cipher invented?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>The technique goes back at least as far as the \u003Cstrong>first century BC\u003C\u002Fstrong>, to the private correspondence of Caesar himself. The Roman historian \u003Cstrong>Suetonius\u003C\u002Fstrong>, in his life of Julius Caesar, writes that anyone wanting to read those private letters had to put \u003Cstrong>D in the place of A\u003C\u002Fstrong> and carry on the same way through the alphabet, which describes a shift of three.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Augustus ran the same trick on a different key. Suetonius reports that he wrote \u003Cstrong>B for A\u003C\u002Fstrong>, with a doubled A standing in where the Latin alphabet stopped at X. The method carries Caesar's name thanks to that account. No ancient source credits him with inventing letter substitution itself.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2 id=\"security\">Is the Caesar cipher secure?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>No. Anyone can work through all \u003Cstrong>25 shifts\u003C\u002Fstrong> by hand over a coffee. The table on this page does it in the time a browser needs to redraw, so the demonstration sits right under the input box.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Frequency analysis cracks longer texts faster still, since E remains the most common letter in English whatever the shift moves it to. That weakness is what makes the cipher good at teaching. \u003Cstrong>Puzzle hunts, escape rooms, beginner CTF challenges and classroom demonstrations\u003C\u002Fstrong> lean on it because a pencil is enough to solve it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Rewriting a message into another representation, the way a \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fconversion\u002Fbinary-converter\">binary converter\u003C\u002Fa> does, is not encryption either, since anyone can reverse it without holding a key. The same gap separates a shifted alphabet from a password built by a \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fgenerator\u002Fpassword-generator\">password generator\u003C\u002Fa>, where the strength comes from a keyspace nobody can walk through by hand. Anything worth protecting belongs behind real encryption.\u003C\u002Fp>","2026-08-06T07:18:47.385Z","2026-08-30T10:00:01.754Z","2026-08-30T10:00:00.000Z","en","Caesar Cipher Encoder and Decoder",[16,20,24,28,32,36],{"id":17,"question":18,"answer":19},2418,"What is the shift value in the Caesar cipher?","\u003Cp>The shift is the key, a whole number from \u003Cstrong>0 to 25\u003C\u002Fstrong> saying how many places each letter travels along the alphabet. At \u003Cstrong>shift 3\u003C\u002Fstrong> the letter A comes out as D, while at \u003Cstrong>shift 13\u003C\u002Fstrong> it comes out as N. \u003Cstrong>Shift 0\u003C\u002Fstrong> leaves the text alone, which is why only \u003Cstrong>25 keys\u003C\u002Fstrong> do anything. A shift of 26 would land back on the original letter, so the count stops at 25.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":21,"question":22,"answer":23},2419,"Who invented the Caesar cipher?","\u003Cp>No ancient source names whoever first thought of sliding an alphabet along. The cipher carries \u003Cstrong>Julius Caesar\u003C\u002Fstrong>'s name because the historian \u003Cstrong>Suetonius\u003C\u002Fstrong> recorded that Caesar wrote his private letters with \u003Cstrong>D standing in for A\u003C\u002Fstrong>, a shift of three. Suetonius credits \u003Cstrong>Augustus\u003C\u002Fstrong> with a shift of one in the same collection of imperial biographies, so the habit was already circulating in Rome.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":25,"question":26,"answer":27},2420,"Is ROT13 the same as a Caesar cipher?","\u003Cp>Yes. \u003Cstrong>ROT13\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the Caesar cipher run at \u003Cstrong>shift 13\u003C\u002Fstrong>, half of the 26-letter alphabet. That halfway point makes it its own opposite, so \u003Cstrong>Hello, World!\u003C\u002Fstrong> becomes \u003Cstrong>Uryyb, Jbeyq!\u003C\u002Fstrong> and running the same operation again gives \u003Cstrong>Hello, World!\u003C\u002Fstrong> back. Encode or decode makes no difference at that one shift, which is why the tool shows the ROT13 version of the text whatever key is selected.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":29,"question":30,"answer":31},2421,"Does a Caesar cipher change numbers and punctuation?","\u003Cp>No. Only the letters \u003Cstrong>A-Z and a-z\u003C\u002Fstrong> move. Digits, spaces, line breaks, punctuation, accented letters such as é and emoji all pass through unchanged, which keeps the round trip lossless. \u003Cstrong>Café 42!\u003C\u002Fstrong> at shift 3 comes out as \u003Cstrong>Fdié 42!\u003C\u002Fstrong>, with \u003Cstrong>3 letters shifted\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>5 characters left alone\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Both counts appear under the result.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":33,"question":34,"answer":35},2422,"How much text can this Caesar cipher translator handle?","\u003Cp>Up to \u003Cstrong>5,000 characters\u003C\u002Fstrong> per pass, which covers a long email or a couple of pages of a puzzle hunt. The shift applies to the whole block in one go, so line breaks and paragraph spacing survive intact. Longer documents go through in chunks without any loss, since each letter shifts on its own and never depends on what came before it.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"id":37,"question":38,"answer":39},2423,"How do you decrypt a Caesar cipher message?","\u003Cp>Two routes work. With the key in hand, set the direction to \u003Cstrong>decode\u003C\u002Fstrong> and enter the same number used to encode, since decoding at shift 3 undoes encoding at shift 3. Without the key, open the \u003Cstrong>25-shift table\u003C\u002Fstrong> and read down it for the line that makes sense in English. The row scoring the most common English words comes highlighted as a starting point, so treat it as a hint and check its neighbours.\u003C\u002Fp>",[],{"id":42,"documentId":43,"uid":44,"name":45,"tagline":46,"hubContent":47,"createdAt":48,"updatedAt":48,"publishedAt":49,"locale":13},17,"cwqkpsjkc7q41an8ek8nu8kk","string","Text & String","Count, clean, convert and transform text","\u003Cp>These tools count, convert and restyle text without sending a single character to a server. The counter gives writers real numbers to work against; the Morse translator and the Unicode generators (small, glitch, cursive) turn plain text into something you can paste anywhere. Every transformation is explained, including where exotic Unicode breaks.\u003C\u002Fp>","2026-07-17T11:46:55.682Z","2026-07-17T12:01:48.595Z",{"id":51,"metaTitle":52,"metaDescription":53,"keywords":54,"metaRobots":54,"structuredData":54,"metaViewport":54,"canonicalURL":54},609,"Caesar Cipher Decoder and Encoder: All 25 Shifts","Encode and decode a Caesar cipher with any shift from 0 to 25, see the ROT13 version, then read all 25 possible shifts at once to crack an unknown key.",null,[],[57,68,80,93],{"id":42,"documentId":58,"slug":59,"term":60,"definition":61,"relatedTools":62,"createdAt":65,"updatedAt":66,"publishedAt":67,"locale":13},"o1ljpluv6app6z9rrhst4gfn","cubic-yard","Cubic yard","\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>cubic yard\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the volume of a cube measuring 3 x 3 x 3 feet, which equals 27 cubic feet or about \u003Cstrong>0.7646 m³\u003C\u002Fstrong>. It is the standard unit for ordering bulk materials in the United States: ready-mix concrete, topsoil, gravel, sand and mulch are all priced and delivered by the cubic yard, often shortened to \"yard\" on a quote.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For scale, a typical 12 x 10 ft patio slab poured 4 inches thick contains 40 cubic feet, which is 40 \u002F 27 = 1.48 cubic yards of concrete. A standard ready-mix truck carries 8 to 10 cubic yards, so that whole slab uses less than a fifth of one load.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>How big is a cubic yard in practice? The cube stands 3 feet on each side, roughly counter height, and holds about 14 full wheelbarrow loads of material. Spread out, one cubic yard covers close to 100 square feet at a depth of 3 inches, the usual layer for mulch or a gravel path.\u003C\u002Fp>",[63,64],"math\u002Fconcrete-calculator","math\u002Fvolume-calculator","2026-07-18T14:23:56.812Z","2026-08-02T10:00:01.228Z","2026-08-02T10:00:00.000Z",{"id":69,"documentId":70,"slug":71,"term":72,"definition":73,"relatedTools":74,"createdAt":77,"updatedAt":78,"publishedAt":79,"locale":13},16,"mdw0ypy9f3z1nioxaxnl9rvr","password-entropy","Entropy (passwords)","\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Entropy\u003C\u002Fstrong> measures how unpredictable a password is, expressed in bits. Each additional bit doubles the number of guesses an attacker needs. For a randomly generated password, it follows a simple formula: entropy = length × log2 of the alphabet size, so both the length and the variety of characters raise the score.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A random 16-character password drawn from the 94 printable ASCII symbols reaches 16 × log2(94), about \u003Cstrong>105 bits\u003C\u002Fstrong>. At 10 billion guesses per second, exhausting that space would take on the order of 10^14 years, while a 6-character password from the same alphabet peaks at 39 bits and falls in about a minute.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Written as a formula, \u003Cstrong>E = L × log2(N)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the entropy equals the length L multiplied by the base-2 logarithm of N, the number of possible symbols per character. Current guidance treats 75 to 80 bits as the comfortable minimum for accounts that matter, a level a random 12-character password mixing all character types already clears.\u003C\u002Fp>",[75,76],"generator\u002Fpassword-generator","generator\u002Fusername-generator","2026-07-18T14:23:55.755Z","2026-08-01T10:00:01.360Z","2026-08-01T10:00:00.000Z",{"id":81,"documentId":82,"slug":83,"term":84,"definition":85,"relatedTools":86,"createdAt":90,"updatedAt":91,"publishedAt":92,"locale":13},15,"ypkfs6wnfljm03ge2b1ztiwv","percentage-point","Percentage point","\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>percentage point\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the unit used to express the arithmetic difference between two percentages. It compares rates by subtraction, while \"percent\" compares them by division: the two measures answer different questions and can differ wildly for the same change.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Example: an interest rate that moves from 5% to 7% rises by \u003Cstrong>2 percentage points\u003C\u002Fstrong> (7 - 5 = 2), but by 40 percent in relative terms (2 ÷ 5 × 100 = 40). Saying \"the rate went up 2%\" would be wrong on both counts: the correct phrasings are \"up 2 points\" or \"up 40%\".\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The standard abbreviation is \u003Cstrong>pp\u003C\u002Fstrong>, sometimes just \"points\", as in \"unemployment fell by 0.5 pp\". Confusing percent with percentage points remains the classic trap: a party moving from 20% to 30% in the polls gains 10 percentage points, yet grows by 50 percent, and headlines regularly pick the wrong figure.\u003C\u002Fp>",[87,88,89],"math\u002Fpercentage-calculator","math\u002Faverage-calculator","finance\u002Fcalcul-remise","2026-07-18T14:23:54.573Z","2026-07-31T10:00:01.940Z","2026-07-31T10:00:00.000Z",{"id":94,"documentId":95,"slug":96,"term":97,"definition":98,"relatedTools":99,"createdAt":102,"updatedAt":103,"publishedAt":104,"locale":13},14,"g3okb797ekrz0kkpm36mfjwc","weighted-average","Weighted average","\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>weighted average\u003C\u002Fstrong> is an average where each value counts in proportion to an assigned importance, called its weight, instead of counting equally. Each value is multiplied by its weight, the products are added, and the sum is divided by the total of the weights. Class grades, GPAs, and stock indexes are all weighted averages.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Example: scores of 92, 85, and 88 with weights of 30, 30, and 40 give (92 x 30 + 85 x 30 + 88 x 40) \u002F 100 = \u003Cstrong>88.3\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The plain average of the same scores is 88.33, but if the heaviest score dropped to 78, the weighted average would fall to 84.3 while the plain average only fell to 85.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The weighted average formula in plain words: multiply each value by its weight, add up the products, then divide by the sum of the weights. In a spreadsheet the whole calculation fits in one cell, since Excel's SUMPRODUCT function multiplies and adds in a single pass: SUMPRODUCT of the values and weights, divided by SUM of the weights.\u003C\u002Fp>",[88,100,101],"math\u002Fgrade-calculator","math\u002Fgpa-calculator","2026-07-18T14:23:53.329Z","2026-07-30T10:00:01.216Z","2026-07-30T10:00:00.000Z",{"slugs":106},[107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,6],"age-calculator","average-calculator","cd-calculator","concrete-calculator","cursive-font-generator","date-calculator","fantasy-name-generator","final-grade-calculator","fraction-calculator","glitch-text-generator","gpa-calculator","grade-calculator","hex-converter","hours-calculator","interest-calculator","military-time-converter","roman-numeral-converter","password-generator","binary-converter","celsius-to-fahrenheit-converter","kg-to-lbs-converter","percentage-calculator","word-counter","tip-calculator","morse-code-translator","username-generator","ratio-calculator","sales-tax-calculator","small-text-generator","mm-to-inches-converter","volume-calculator","timer","square-footage-calculator","stair-calculator","roof-pitch-calculator","board-foot-calculator","aspect-ratio-calculator","rounding-calculator","random-letter-generator","mulch-calculator","fence-calculator","upside-down-text-generator","acreage-calculator","gravel-calculator","proportion-calculator","paint-calculator","tile-calculator","braille-translator","quadratic-formula-calculator","gcf-calculator","probability-calculator","hex-to-rgb-converter","uuid-generator","standard-deviation-calculator","lcm-calculator"]